Introduction
Despite advancements in gender equality, traditional gender roles still persist and significantly influence mental health, particularly among men. Historically, these roles have been shaped by cultural, social, and economic factors. Men have traditionally been seen as the primary breadwinners and protectors, a notion that dates back to early human societies where physical strength and resource provision were vital for survival (Connell, 1995).
In contemporary society, these norms continue to exert pressure on men to succeed professionally and provide for their families. Although modern economies and gender roles have evolved—such as the narrowing gender pay gap, increased recognition of paternity leave, and the growing acceptance of men in caregiving roles—the expectation for men to fulfil these traditional roles remains deeply ingrained. This can severely impact their mental health, leading to issues such as anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem when they struggle to meet these expectations.
The Influence of Traditional Gender Roles
Traditional gender roles often place immense pressure on men to succeed professionally and provide for their families. Failure to meet these societal expectations can result in feelings of inadequacy and failure. According to Addis and Mahalik (2003), men who strongly adhere to traditional masculine norms are more likely to experience psychological distress when they perceive themselves as failing to meet these standards.
Employment and Mental Health
Job loss or underemployment can have profound effects on a man’s mental health. Unemployment not only affects financial stability but also impacts self-worth and identity. A study by Paul and Moser (2009) found that unemployed men exhibited higher levels of psychological distress compared to their employed counterparts. The pressure to fulfil the breadwinner role makes unemployment particularly challenging for men, leading to increased rates of depression and anxiety.
Performance and Self-Esteem
Men often equate their self-worth with their ability to perform and succeed in their careers. When they perceive themselves as underperforming, it can lead to low self-esteem and self-doubt. This association between performance and self-worth is reinforced by societal expectations and cultural narratives that valorise success and productivity.
Libido and Sexual Functioning
Traditional gender roles can also impact men’s libido and sexual functioning. The pressure to perform and succeed can lead to stress and anxiety, which are known to negatively affect sexual health. According to Mollaioli et al. (2020), stress and chronic anxiety can lead to sexual dysfunctions such as reduced libido and erectile dysfunction. Additionally, societal expectations of masculinity can contribute to performance anxiety, further exacerbating sexual health issues.
Common Consequences
The consequences of failing to meet traditional gender roles can be severe. Men may experience:
Depression: Persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a loss of interest in previously enjoyable activities.
Anxiety: Excessive worry, nervousness, and fear about the future, often linked to job insecurity and financial instability.
Low Self-Esteem: A diminished sense of self-worth and confidence, often stemming from perceived failures and societal pressures.
Substance Abuse: Some men may turn to alcohol or drugs as a coping mechanism to deal with their distress (Courtenay, 2000).
Sexual Dysfunction: Issues such as reduced libido and erectile dysfunction, often linked to stress and anxiety (Mollaioli et al., 2020).
Addressing the Issue with CBT
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) can be particularly beneficial for men struggling with the mental health impacts of traditional gender roles. CBT helps individuals identify and challenge negative thought patterns and develop healthier coping mechanisms. For men, CBT can:
Improve Emotional Regulation: CBT teaches techniques to manage stress and anxiety, which can improve overall mental health and reduce the impact of traditional gender roles.
Enhance Self-Esteem: By addressing harmful cognitions related to masculinity and performance, CBT can help men develop a more balanced self-image.
Reduce Sexual Dysfunction: CBT can address performance anxiety and other psychological factors contributing to sexual health issues.
Promote Help-Seeking Behavior: CBT can help men overcome the stigma associated with seeking mental health support, encouraging them to engage in therapy and other supportive services.
Closing Thoughts
While modern society has made significant strides in gender equality, traditional gender roles continue to impact men’s mental health. Recognising and addressing these challenges is crucial for promoting mental well-being and reducing psychological distress. Schools, communities, and policymakers must work together to dismantle harmful stereotypes, de-stigmatise mental health issues, and support individuals in seeking help and achieving mental health.
References
Addis, M. E., & Mahalik, J. R. (2003). Men, masculinity, and the contexts of help seeking. American Psychologist, 58(1), 5-14.
Courtenay, W. H. (2000). Constructions of masculinity and their influence on men’s well-being: a theory of gender and health. Social Science & Medicine, 50(10), 1385-1401.
Mollaioli, D., Ciocca, G., Limoncin, E., Di Sante, S., Gravina, G. L., Carosa, E., Lenzi, A., & Jannini, E. A. F. (2020). Lifestyles and sexuality in men and women: the gender perspective in sexual medicine. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, 18(10).
Paul, K. I., & Moser, K. (2009). Unemployment impairs mental health: Meta-analyses. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74(3), 264-282.
Spendelow, J. S. (2015). Cognitive–Behavioral Treatment of Depression in Men: Tailoring Treatment and Directions for Future Research. American Journal of Men’s Health, 9(2), 94-102.